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21. Nei �. Mathematical models of speciation and genetic distance
// Population Genetics and Ecology / S. Karlin, E. Nero, eds. �
N.Y.: Academic Press. - 1976. - P. 723-765.

Genetic differentiation ethnic groups of Russia on genes of hereditary disorders
Zinchenko R.A., El'chinova G.I., Galkina V.A., Kirillov A.G., Abrukova A.V., Petrova N.V.,
Timkovskaya E.E., Zinchenko S.P., Amelina S.S., Shokarev R.A., Morozova A.A.,
Bliznetz E.A., Vasserman N.N., Stepanova A.A., Polyakov A.V., Ginter E.K.
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
Moskvorechje S t . , Moscow, Russia; e-mail: renazinchenko@med-gen.ru; ekginter@mail.ru
The article is devoted to the analysis for genetic differentiation of ethnic groups of Russia on genes of hereditary disorders.
The basic laws of formation of a load and a spectrum of hereditary disorders in 10 regions of Russia (5 ethnic groups: Russian
from 6 regions, Maris, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Adighes) were analyzed. By comparing of both studies it was proposed that the genetic
drift is probable the factor which determined genetic differentiation of populations by the incidence of autosomal disorders. The
hereditary diseases often for each population (the prevalence rate 1: 50000 and higher) and disorders which are finding out locally
high frequencies in some populations or ethnic groups are submitted. The analysis of the basic laws and variability of some
populations and ethnic groups on often and accumulation diseases of separate hereditary diseases was carried out by using of the
method by the main component which describes these laws in more evident kind. It is shown, that genes of hereditary disorders
may serve as the powerful tool for the characteristic ethnogenetic processes occurring in populations. More that 1400 healthy donors
from four ethnic groups (Chuvashians, Mary, Udmurth and Russians) of Russia were analyzed for major mutation in six genes:
seven CFTR mutations (CFTRdele2,3(21kb), F508del, 1677delTA, 2143delT, 2184insA, 394delTT, 3821delT), R408W
mutation in PAH gene, C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFEgene, 35delG mutation in connexine 26 gene, �598T mutation in
VHL gene, IVS8+5g-^>a mutaton in TCIRG1 genes.

The Origin of Amerindians and the Peopling of the Americas.

mybb@mybb.ru (Hăva) — Sat, 19 Feb 2011 12:48:40 +0300

Fig. (4). Correspondence analysis based on HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 allele frequencies. The analysis shows a global view of the genetic
relationships among Amerindian, Na-Dene, Eskimo, Asian, Negroid and European populations according to HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1
allele frequencies. These relationships are calculated in n dimensions and represented in two dimensions. Circles represent an approximate
grouping of populations [14,34,35,37].

Fig. (5). Map of relevant Amerindian and Asian populations. A smooth relatedness gradient is reflected by grey intensity. It remarks the
results obtained in (Fig. 3) and (Fig. 4): Amerindians (homogeneous grey) are separated from the rest of the world by using HLA-DRB1 and
DQB1 allele frequencies (North American Zuni and Lakota-Sioux Amerindians cluster together with Meso and South American Amerindians).
However, North American Eskimo (Yupik), Athabaskan and Tlingit cluster with Siberian close-by populations (Eskimo, Chukchi,
Koryaks, Nivkhs, Udegys). Aleuts are also related to Baikal Area populations and to Laps (Saami, [14]). See Table 1 for population references.
See also [14,34,35,37].

Table 2. Extended Haplotypes Only Found in Some Amerindian Populations [14,25-27,30-32,34-36]

tive forces to drive de novo HLA haplotype appearance must include pathogens and not low frequency genes driven selection.
However, both of these types of selection for inducing HLA (or other genes) variability and allele fixation in populations are mathematically indistinguishable [60].
In addition, this high haplotype variability in relatively small ethnic groups is concordant with the fact that HLA haplotype frequencies show greater variation among racial groups than individual alleles [61].
Thus, new allele appearance may be a relatively rare event (usually by a gene conversion mechanism [62]), compared with a new haplotype appearance. In fact, evolution for variability in the MHC may be more frequent in haplotype and not in allele diversification.
See references: [25-27,30-32,34-36,14].
New HLA alleles are continuously being described in populations (Anthony Nolan database: http://www.anthonynolan.org.uk, [38]) but this does not necessarily mean that are continuously being produced; they may have been fixed
as low frequency alleles in populations for a long time and only described at present times according to technology advances.
In conclusion, new specific haplotypes are found in North and South American Amerindians, while specific alleles for a particular Amerindian population are rarely found or not found; new alleles are being newly described in a particular
population but later found in others. Selection for variability within North and South American Natives is acting upon haplotypes more than upon alleles Fig. (2). This finding may be universal for all World populations.

Genes and Languages
It was postulated that genes correlated with languages [63]; however, from Fig. (3) (NJ dendrogram) it may be seen that Na-Dene / Eskimo / Siberian / group is genetically very close as measured by HLA-DRB1 frequencies and speak
distant languages [64]; this is confirmed by HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 correspondence analysis Fig. (4). Both NJ and correspondence analysis correlates quite well with geography but does not correlate with languages. Some authors find
correlation between genes and languages when selected ethic groups and selected languages are used but only at macrogeographical level.

mtDNA and Y Chr Markers[b]
Specialists have studied genealogies of haplotypes and /or other markers [5,11,19,18]. However, for studying populations relatedness and migration genetics it is more suitable to study gene frequencies (or allele frequencies) as done in Figs. (3, 4).
It is remarkable that Northern USA Lakota-Sioux is genetically close to other Amerindians from South America as expected. However, Canadian Athabaskans go together with Northern Americans First Inhabitants and Siberians Figs. (3, 4).
In general, mtDNA and Y Chr markers have studied the origins of Amerindians [11,19,18], postulated time and place of entrance of Amerindians, Athabaskans and Eskimo [19], and whether the genetic findings fit with Greenberg linguistically
based theory [4] (three waves of Americas peopling).
Also, archeological findings have been contrasted with genetic findings [1,16,19]. In the end, conclusions are diverse and no consensus exists about Amerindian origin and relatedness [2,3,5,8-13,19].

[b]HLA Amerindian Genetic Anthropology

HLA has been ignored by anthropologists to study genetics probably because a lack of HLA understanding and the claim that HLA is shaped by selection because of disease linkage; mtDNA and Y Chr (OMIM, http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim) are also linked to diseases.
In addition, they only give a paternal or maternal view of markers genealogy which may have been divergent in small primitive colonizing populations.
However, HLA is a nuclear marker giving an even genealogy and genetic history for both sexes. The best test showing that HLA is a good genetic marker for studying
population relatedness is that it usually correlates with geography.
HLA dendrograms or correspondence analyses based on HLA frequencies show that Amerindians (in the sense of Greenberg definition, [4]) seem to be separated from other
World wide populations, including northern Canadian Athabaskans and Eskimos. The latter cluster in Fig. (3) with Siberians.
This means that HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 allele frequencies are completely different in Amerindian compared
to from other First American Natives or other World populations.
In addition, the studied populations show particular HLA four loci haplotypes for each specific studied population (Table 2).
This is not the case for HLA-DRB1 alleles: except
for two DRB1 alleles �DRB1*0411 and DRB1*0417, Fig.
(2) Meso and South American Amerindians alleles are shared with the following populations: 1) Siberians,
2) other First American Inhabitants including Athabaskans and Eskimo, but not Aleuts [14], probably because Aleuts come
from a Baikal Lake ancient stock that are related to both Aleuts and European Lapps (Saami), 3) Asian Pacific Coast
populations (Ainu, Japanese, Taiwan) and to a lesser extent with Indochina people and, 4) East Australian Aborigins and
Pacific Islands, like Papua New Guinea or Samoa groups.
In this context and because Canadian Athabaskans have been placed in the postulated entrance for American peopling [4],
an haplotype study was done by computing the most frequent Athabaskan two loci haplotypes (DRB1-DQB1) [55]
and looking where this part of Chromosome 6 was found around the World (i.e.: a genealogy study, which completes our population frequency study).
Results are shown in Table 3 (see footnote). Athabaskans DRB1-DQB1 genes are shared with:
1) Neighbors, including Alaskan Eskimo
(Yupik),
2) Amerindians from North and South America,
3) Siberians,
4) Pacific Islands inhabitants, including those of Samoa, Papua New Guinea, Cook Islands and Japanese-Ainu and even Eastern Australia Aborigins.
Only one haplotype (f), in Table 3 is exclusively shared among Amerindians.
This suggests that Athabaskans are composed of a genetic HLA admixture and that gene flow has occured between
Athabaskans and all the other above mentioned Pacific-Asian populations.
The direction of the hypothetical HLA gene flow is not known and may have occured in different directions in different times.
Thus, there is no point to conclude about one or more waves of Americas peopling from our data. However, this also shows that not only Beringia
was an active pass of primitive Amerindians, but also Pacific navigation was.

Table 3. DRB1-DQB1 Haplotypes also Found in Athabaskans
[55] and also in other Populations

aXavantes (25.7%); Mataco Wichi (22.4%); Alaska Yupik Natives (22.0%); Tarahumara
(11.9%); Russia Siberia Eskimos Chukotka Paninsula (11.3%).
bAinu (20.0%); Spain Malaga Gipsy (9.5%); Slovenia (7.9%); Papua New Guinea New
Britain Tolai (7.6%); Aleuts (6.9%); Alaska Yupik Natives (6.7%).
cJapan (29.5%); Russia Siberian Khabarovsk Evenki (26.0%); Samoa (25.9%); Russia
Siberia Nganasan Dudinka (25.0%); Russia Siberia Koryaks North East Kamchatka
(22.3%); Russia Siberia Negidal (20.0%); Russia Siberia Udegeys (19.0%); Russia
Siberia Ulchi (15.8%); Russia Siberia Chukchi (14.7%).
dSamoa (17.2%); Russia Siberia Nganasan (12.5%); Taiwan Aboriginal (9.5%); Yucpa
(9.3%); Russian Siberia Kushun (8.0%); Lamas (7.8%); Russia Siberia Khabarovsk
Evenki (6.0%); Russia Siberia Negidal (5.7%); Philippines (5.2%); Zapotecans (5.2%).
eRussia Siberia Ket Lower Yenisey (17.7%); Russia Siberia Irkutsk Tofalar (17.4%);
Russia Tuva (13.7%); Russia Siberia Kets Sulamai (13.6%); Russia Siberia Ulchi
(13.0%); Russia Siberia Nganasan Dudinka (12.5%); Russia Siberia Kets Sulamai
(11.4%); Russia Siberia Khanty Mansi (8.8%).
fMixe (28.0%); Tarahumara (27.9%); Xavantes (23.0%); Mixtecans (21.6%); Zapotecans
(21.5%); Eastern Toba (18.9%); Jalisco Mestizos (14.9%); Highlands Mestizos
(13.8%); Alaska Yupik Natives (13.3%); Toba Pilaga (10.5%); Aymaras (10.4%); Ainu
(10.0%).
gJapan (3.8%); Alaska Yupik Natives (3.6%); Alaska Yupik Natives (3.5%); Australia
New South Wales Aborigines (2.4%); Papua New Guinea (2.3%); Ainu (2.0%), China
(1.8%); Japan (1.7%); Japan Central (1.6%); Mixtecans (1.5%).
These footnote frequencies were taken from reference [38] and from our own publications
(Table 1).

Results on North American and South American population HLA alleles also support this view Fig. (2). Why nowadays
North and South American Amerindians are altogether different populations to the rest of the World regarding to
HLA frequencies is only a matter of speculation:

a) It has been calculated that about 80 million First American Natives died after 1492 AD within the
following 100 years from Alaska to Patagonia [65]. It was mainly due to a lack of appropriate immune response
to European-borne diseases, mainly measles, influenza and plague [65]. This may have shaped the
First American Natives HLA profile by increasing rare HLA alleles able to present new pathogens to T
cells [60,61,66]. However, this is not likely since First North American Natives (non-Amerindians) also suffered
many epidemics [65] and do not have as different HLA profile from Asians, as Amerindians do.

b) First American Natives, including Alaskan Eskimo (Yupik) and Athabaskans must have been in America
long before calculated (20,000 years ago), because both North and South American Fist Natives were
similarly susceptible to European-borne diseases [65], indicating the existence of long population isolation.

CONCLUSIONS

1) North West Canadian Athabaskans have had gene flow with
a) close neighboring populations, b) Amerindians, c) Pacific Islanders including East Australians and d) Siberians.

2) Beringia was not probably the only entrance of people to Americas: Pacific Ocean boat trips may have contributed
to the HLA genetic American profile (or the opposite could also be true).

3) Amerindians entrance to America may have been different to that of Athabaskans and Eskimos and
Amerindians may have been in their lands long before Athabaskans and Eskimos because they present and
altogether different sets of HLA-DRB1 frequencies.

4) Amerindians show very few �particular alleles�, almost all are shared with other Amerindians, Athabaskans,
Pacific Islanders, including East Australians and Siberians. However, specific Amerindian haplotypes are found in isolates.

5) Genes and languages do not correlate.

6) Our results do not support the three-wave model of American peopling, but another model where the
people entrance is not only Beringia, but also Pacific Coast. Reverse migration (America to Asia) is not
discarded and different movements of people in either direction in different times are supported by the Athabaskan
population admixture with Asian-Pacific population and with Amerindians.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported in part by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (FISS PI051039 and PI080838),
Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (A/9134/07 and A/17727/08) and three different Mutua Madrileña Automovilista grants.

ABBREVIATIONS

BP = Before present
Cyt = Cytochrome
HLA = Human leucocitary antigen
HTLV-1 = Human T-lymphotrophic virus
mtDNA = Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid
NJ = Neighbor joining
STR = Short tandem repeat
Y Chr = Y chromosome

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Genetics of the Basque People <

mybb@mybb.ru (Hăva) — Wed, 16 Feb 2011 13:57:20 +0300

http://www.taiwandna.com/BasquePage.html

Genetics of the Basque People

Although they are genetically distinctive in some ways, the Basques are still very typically West European in terms of their Y-DNA and mtDNA sequences, and in terms of some other genetic loci. These same sequences are widespread throughout the western half of Europe, especially along the western fringe of the continent.

Studies of the Y-chromosome found that on their direct male lineages modern Basques have a common ancestry with other Western Europeans. The similarity includes the predominance in their male populations of Y-chromosome Haplogroup R1b, now considered to have been spread through Europe from southwest Asia in the Neolithic period or later, between 4,000 to 8,000 years ago.

However that study done by Balaresque et al.(2009) had many biases and more recent studies have proven that Subclades of R1b1b2 might have originated on Western Europe during the Holocene before the Neolithic Expansion. According to Myres et al.(2010): "The coalescent estimate for the Y-STR network tree of 245 M269*+L23(xM412) chromosomes is 10 270�1680 years Before Present (BP)" Clearly predating the Neolithic Expansion from Anatolia. Another study done by Cruciani et al.(2010) has also confirm that there is a clear dichotomy between the Western-Easyern branches of R1b1b2, and many scientist are now consider that R1b1b2 might have in fact originated in SouthEastern Europe in the Upper Paleolithic time, expanding from there to Western Europe and Anatolia. According to Cruciani et al.(2010):

The overall frequency pattern of theR1b1b2 sub-haplogroups here analyzed is compatible with several scenarios,including mutation surfing on the wave of advance of an expanding population and/or local bottlenecks and re-expansion from refuge areas.Preliminary time expansion estimates for haplogroups R1b1b2g(8.3ky; 95%CIs 5.8�10.9ky)and R1b1b2h(7.4ky; 95%CIs 5.3-10.2ky),based on 7STRs analyzed on 24 and 27 males respectively,are compatible with both Neolithic and post-glacial expansion/s within Europe.The majority (58.7%)of R1b1b2 chromosomes from Europe were found to be ancestral for both U106 and U152(paragroup R1b1b2*)and showeda frequency cline from western to eastern Europe.Further studies are needed to refine the R1b1b2 phylogeny and fully disclose the micro-evolutionary events underlying the present frequency distribution of R1b1b2 sub-haplogroups.

In regards to the presence of R1b1b2(R-M269) in Basque and other Western Europeans a more recent study states:

A recent network analysis of the R-M269 Y chromosome lineage has purportedly corroborated Neolithic expansion from Anatolia, the site of diffusion of agriculture. However, the data are still controversial and the analyses so far performed are prone to a number of biases. In the present study we show that the addition of a single marker, DYSA7.2, dramatically changes the shape of the R-M269 network into a topology showing a clear Western-Eastern dichotomy not consistent with a radial diffusion of people from the Middle East. We have also assessed other Y-chromosome haplogroups proposed to be markers of the Neolithic diffusion of farmers and compared their intra-lineage variation�defined by short tandem repeats (STRs)�in Anatolia and in Sardinia, the only Western population where these lineages are present at appreciable frequencies and where there is substantial archaeological and genetic evidence of pre-Neolithic human occupation. The data indicate that Sardinia does not contain a subset of the variability present in Anatolia and that the shared variability between these populations is best explained by an earlier, pre-Neolithic dispersal of haplogroups from a common ancestral gene pool. Overall, these results are consistent with the cultural diffusion and do not support the demic model of agriculture diffusion.

Autosomal genetic studies confirm that Basques have a very close relationship with other Europeans, especially with Spaniards - who have a common genetic identity of over 70% with Basques.

In fact, according to a Europe-wide study, the main components in the European genomes appear to derive from ancestors whose features were similar to those of modern Basques and Near Easterners, with average values greater than 35% for both these parental populations, regardless of whether or not molecular information is taken into account. The lowest degree of both Basque and Near Eastern admixture is found in Finland, whereas the highest values are, respectively, 70% "Basque" in Spain and more than 60% "Near Eastern" in the Balkans.

Before the development of modern genetics based on DNA sequencing, Basques were noted as having the highest global apportion of the Rh- blood type (35% phenotypically, 60% genetically). Additionally, the Basque population has virtually no B blood type, nor the related AB type. These differences are thought to reflect their long history of isolation, as well as times during which the Basque population contracted, allowing genetic drift to dramatically influence genetic makeup. The history of isolation reflected in gene frequencies has presumably also been key to the retention of the distinctive Basque language. In fact, in accordance with other genetic studies, a recent genetic piece of research from 2007 claims: "The Spanish and Basque groups are the furthest away from other continental groups (with more diversity within the same genetic groups) which is consistent with the suggestions that the Iberian peninsula holds the most ancient West European genetic ancestry."

Since the Basques speak a non-Indo-European language and have the highest proportion of the Rh negative blood type of all the peoples of the world, they were widely considered to be a genetically isolated population, preserving the genes of European Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, until recent genetic studies found that modern Basques have a common ancestry with other Western Europeans.

A study done in May, 2010 has shown homogeneity of Spanish and French Basques, and confirmed their genomic distinctiveness from other European populations

* High-density SNP Genotyping Detects Homogeneity of Spanish and French Basques, and Confirms Their Genomic Distinctiveness from other European Populations by Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, et al.

Abstract: A recent study reported that Basques do not constitute a genetically distinct population, and that Basques from Spanish and French provinces do not show significant genetic similarity. These conclusions disagree with numerous previous studies, and are not consistent with the historical and linguistic evidence that supports the distinctiveness of Basques. In order to further investigate this controversy, we have genotyped 83 Spanish Basque individuals and used these data to infer population structure based on more than 60,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms of several European populations. Here, we present the first high-throughput analysis including Basques from Spanish and French provinces, and show that all Basques constitute a homogeneous group that can be clearly differentiated from other European populations.

Population Stratification of European Populations

* The Human Y Chromosome: An evolutionary marker comes of age by Mark A. Jobling, et al.
Global Distribution of Y Haplogroups

1, !Kung; 2, Biaka Pygmies; 3, Bamileke; 4, Fali; 5, Senegalese; 6, Berbers; 7, Ethiopians; 8, Sudanese; 9, Basques; 10, Greeks; 11, Polish; 12, Saami; 13, Russians; 14, Lebanese; 15, Iranians; 16, Kazbegi (Georgia); 17, Kazaks; 18, Punjabis; 19, Uzbeks; 20, Forest Nentsi; 21, Khants; 22, Eastern Evenks; 23, Buryats; 24, Evens; 25, Eskimos; 26, Mongolians; 27, Evenks; 28, Northern Han; 29, Tibetans; 30, Taiwanese; 31, Japanese; 32, Koreans; 33, Filipinos; 34, Javanese; 35, Malaysians; 36, West New Guineans (highlands); 37, Papua New Guineans (coast); 38, Australians (Arnhem); 39, Australians (Sandy Desert); 40, Cook Islanders; 41, Tahitians; 42, Maori; 43, Navajos; 44, Cheyenne; 45, Mixtecs; 46, Makiritare; 47, Cayapa; 48, Greenland Inuit.

* A New Genetic Map of Living Humans in Interconnected World Regions by E. Valaitis1 and L. Martin
A Genetic Family Tree of European Sub-Regions

* The Origin of Amerindians and the Peopling of the Americas According to HLA Genes: Admixture with Asian and Pacific People by A. Arnaiz-Villena, et al.
Neighbor-Joining Dendrogram Based on HLA-DRB1 Allele Frequencies

Correspondence Analysis Based on HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 Allele Frequencies

(Sardinians, Spanish Basques, Chuvashians, Tuvinians)

Davidski. Amerindian-like sequences in Baltic Finns.

mybb@mybb.ru (Hăva) — Tue, 15 Feb 2011 23:17:58 +0300

http://bga101.blogspot.com/2011/01/amer … altic.html

Amerindian-like sequences in Baltic Finns (aka. phased data is the way forward)

I thought this Finnish experiment was going to be a real challenge, and something of a long-term project. In fact, I managed to get it all done in a couple of hours. And it turned out great too.

Basically, I wanted to see if I could take a more detailed look at genome-wide sites of possible non-West Eurasian admixture in some of my Northern European reference samples. Up to this point, I�ve been studying segments containing mixed up sequences of alleles from both parents, usually with only one coming from a potentially exotic ancestor. Thus, there was often some guess work involved, trying to figure out what the picture would look like if the accompanying sequence, the one of European origin, wasn�t interfering with the results.

The only way to get around this issue is to use phased data, in which the alleles are sorted as coming from one parent or the other. This makes it easier to compare segments, and run all sorts of statistical analyses to check their biogeographical character. Indeed, with phased data it�s even possible to make two people out of one, and run them at the same time, just to see how different each of their parents were. That�s what I�ve done here with some of my Finnish samples, except instead of comparing whole genomes, I ran MDS plots of data from segments that showed relatively high affinity to East Eurasia.

I expected to get results where one sequence clustered amongst Siberian and Central East Asian samples, and the other near the Europeans. And yeah, I got that, as the two plots below clearly show (red underline = sequence of putatively non-European origin, blue underline = European).

Pretty cool stuff, but nothing really extraordinary. After all, Siberian genome-wide influence in Finland is well documented, and the latest consensus is that it got there during the Bronze Age, along with Uralic warriors and traders from the Volga-Ural region. But here�s something I wasn�t expecting�

The above two plots show that Baltic Finns carry sequences that are most similar to those of Amerindian populations, and not because of a lack of reference samples from across Siberia. These sequences don�t appear to be all that unusual in my Finnish samples. What this means is that we�re not just looking at noise here, but genuine links between Finns and Amerindians. I have no idea how old this stuff is, but probably really old. I suspect it got to Europe with the aforementioned Uralic migrants of the Bronze Age, but I�m not really sure. I doubt Eskimos ever made it to Finland.

The other interesting thing is that, usually, when I�m searching for non-European segments in one sample, I pick them up in some of the other individuals present in the analysis. Note some of the Chuvash and North Russians streaming towards East Asia on the plots above � they most likely have Siberian sequences in the areas tested. However, I�m yet to see any native Europeans other than Finns showing the unusually strong links to the Americas I identified here, even when checking small areas of the genome of around 5 megabases.

I haven�t tested Germanic Scandinavians like this yet, but soon will, and I have a feeling they too will score some hits in the Americas, due to their results in some of my ADMIXTURE runs. In any case, it�d be nice if someone could try to corroborate these results, and expand on them, in a formal study. We could learn a lot about European population structure and history from detailed extended haplotype analyses.

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mybb@mybb.ru (Hăva) — Tue, 15 Feb 2011 01:18:37 +0300

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1. �� .�, �� .�. ��. �: ��. ��, 1978.
2. �� .� �� , �� , �: ��, 1977
3. �� .�. �� . �� // �� (�� I �� "). ��-��, 1964
4. �� .�., �� .�. �� // �� , �� . � �� ., 1974
5. �� . �� // ��. �� . ��. ��., �� . 1990 ��. 2.
6. �� .�. �� // �� . �.: ��, 1974 ��. 4.
7. �� .�. �� .. ��, 1974
8. �� .II. �� . �.: ��, 1985
9. �� .�. � �� , �.: ��. ��, 1972
10. �� .�. �� . �.: ��, 1989.
11. �� .�. � �� // ��. ��. ��-�� .1957. ��. 28. .
12. �� . �� // Indo-germanica. �., 1990. �. 2.
13. �� .�. ��, �� // �� , �� . � �� ., 1974.
14. �� .�. �� (�� ). �.: ��-�� , 1955
15. �� .�., �� .�., �� .�. �� 1 (��) // ��. � ��. �� . ��. 1992
16. ��. ��-�� . ��: ��, 1975.
17 �� .�. �� // ��. �� . 1980. �. 36
18, �� . �� (�� ) // ��. �� : ��, 1991.
19 �� .� �� // ��. �� -�� . 1946. ��. 1.
20. �� .�. �� , �� // ��. �� . �� 1978. � 1. ��. 1.
21. �� .�. �� . �.: �� 1977

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